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By 1819, the Baltic provinces were the first in the Russian Empire in which serfdom was abolished, the largely autonomous nobility allowing the peasants to own their own land or move to the cities. During World War I, between the retreating Russian and advancing German troops on 24 February 1918 the Salvation Committee of the Estonian National Council Maapäev issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence. Russian Civil War, was the Republic of Estonia’s struggle for sovereignty in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917. The war ended in 1920 with Estonia’s victory over Russia. The Treaty of Tartu was a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian SFSR signed on 2 February 1920 ending the Estonian War of Independence. Estonia’s sovereignty and renounced any and all territorial claims on Estonia. Moscow and not to their domestic constituencies.
During the struggle Soviet foreign policy drifted. On 1 December 1924, Comintern conducted an attempted communist coup in Estonia. The fate of the relations between USSR and Republic of Estonia before World War II was decided by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939. 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland.
18 September, Orzeł incident, the Polish submarine escaped from internment in Tallinn and eventually made her way to the United Kingdom, Estonia’s neutrality was questioned by the Soviet Union and Germany. On 24 September 1939, warships of the Red Navy appeared off Estonian ports, Soviet bombers began a threatening patrol over Tallinn and the nearby countryside. In light of the Orzeł incident, the Moscow press and radio started violently attacking Estonia as “hostile” to the Soviet Union. It was declared: the Pact “should not affect” the “economic systems and state organizations” of USSR and Estonia. On 14 June, the Soviet military blockade of Estonia took effect. Two Soviet bombers downed a Finnish passenger airplane Kaleva flying from Tallinn to Helsinki and carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U. On 16 June 1940, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia.
The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia, some 90,000 additional Soviet troops entered the country. On 17 June Estonia accepted the ultimatum and the statehood of Estonia de facto ceased to exist, the day France surrendered to Germany. The military occupation of the Republic of Estonia was complete by 21 June 1940 and rendered “official” by a communist coup d’état supported by the Soviet troops. Most of the Estonian Defence Forces and the Estonian Defence League surrendered according to the orders believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. On the same day 21 June 1940 the flag of Estonia was replaced with a red flag on Pikk Hermann tower, the symbol of the government in Estonia in force. 15 July rigged “parliamentary elections” were held where all but pro-Communist candidates were outlawed.
Those who failed to have their passports stamped for so voting were allowed to be shot in the back of the head. Tribunals were set up to punish “traitors to the people. 8,000 people, including most of the country’s leading politicians and military officers, were arrested. About 2,200 of the arrested were executed in Estonia, while most others were moved to prison camps in Russia, from where very few were later able to return alive. On 14 June 1941, when June deportation took place simultaneously in all three Baltic countries, about 10,000 Estonian civilians were deported to Siberia and other remote areas of the Soviet Union, where nearly half of them later perished.
These ships were brought into requisition by the British powers and were used in the Atlantic convoys. During the time of the war, approximately 1000 Estonian seamen served at the British militarised merchant marine, 200 of them as officers. Ethnic Russians in Estonia: Sergei Zarkevich, an activist of Russian organizations in Estonia, The owner of a book store “Russian Book”: arrest order issued by NKVD on 23 June 1940, executed on 25 March 1941. Oleg Vasilovski, a former General in the Russian Imperial Army.
Arrest order issued by NKVD on 1 July 1940. During the first post-war decade of Soviet regime, Estonia was governed by Moscow via Russian-born Estonian governors. Born into the families of native Estonians in Russia, the latter had obtained their Red education in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist repressions at the end of the 1930s. 1989 The red-blue waved flag of the Estonian SSR was lowered on Pikk Hermann. It was replaced with the blue-black-white flag of Estonia on 24 February 1989. The first freely elected parliament during the Soviet era in Estonia had passed independence resolutions on 8 May 1990, and renamed Estonian SSR to the Republic of Estonia.
